Cyber Security Vs Cyber Resilience: Everything You Need to Know

Organizations face an escalating range of cyber threats today that can lead to service disruptions, data breaches, and severe reputational damage. From phishing and ransomware to Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, the risks are ever-present.

The stakes are high, with organizations not only facing financial losses but also the possibility of hefty fines for non-compliance with regulations.

Consider the case of British Airways. In 2019, the airline was fined over £183 million by the UK’s Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) after a data breach exposed sensitive customer details. This breach affected half a million customers, including names, addresses, and payment card information.

This was the first major fine under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and highlighted how critical data protection has become. For larger organizations like British Airways, recovering from such a breach might seem feasible, but for smaller businesses, the consequences can be devastating and permanent.

The need for a robust approach to cybersecurity and cyber resilience is clear. While the two terms are often used interchangeably, they represent distinct aspects of an organization’s overall strategy to protect against, withstand, and recover from cyber threats.

This article will explain cyber security vs cyber resilience, why both are essential, and how organizations can implement effective strategies for both.

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Cyber Security Vs Cyber Resilience: Comparison Table

Aspect

Cybersecurity

Cyber Resilience

Definition

The practice of protecting systems, networks, and data from cyberattacks.

The ability to recover and maintain operations despite cyberattacks.

Focus

Prevention of cyber threats and unauthorized access.

Recovery from cyberattacks and maintaining business continuity.

Goal

To stop attacks before they happen by implementing defenses.

To ensure quick recovery and minimize damage after an attack.

Approach

Proactive: Focuses on building defenses and blocking threats.

Reactive: Focuses on absorbing the impact of attacks and restoring operations.

Key Measures

Firewalls, encryption, multi-factor authentication, antivirus software.

Backup systems, incident response plans, disaster recovery.

Time Frame

Short-term: Aims to block immediate threats.

Long-term: Focuses on adapting and recovering from breaches.

Example

Preventing a hacker from accessing sensitive data through secure passwords.

Recovering data from backups after a ransomware attack.

Main Goal

To defend against cyber threats.

To bounce back from an attack and keep the business running.

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Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience

Cybersecurity is the practice of defending systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access or cyberattacks. It focuses on identifying vulnerabilities and implementing protective measures to stop threats before they can cause harm.

Cybersecurity strategies include using firewalls, encryption, antivirus software, and access control systems to protect sensitive data. The goal is to prevent data breaches, hacking, malware infections, and other malicious activities from compromising an organization’s systems.

Key aspects of cybersecurity include:

• Network Security: Prevents unauthorized access to or from a network.
• Application Security: Protects software applications from exploitation.
• Information Security: Ensures that data remains confidential, authentic, and available only to authorized users.
• Endpoint Security: Secures devices such as laptops, smartphones, and tablets from cyber threats.

Cyber Resilience, on the other hand, is the ability of an organization to continue operating during and after a cyberattack, ensuring that essential services remain functional even when systems are compromised.

While cybersecurity is about stopping attacks before they happen, cyber resilience is about preparing for when those attacks do occur. It involves proactive measures to maintain business continuity, quickly recover from disruptions, and minimize the impact on the organization.

Cyber resilience recognizes that no security system is 100% foolproof and that every organization must be prepared for an attack, even if preventive measures fail. It includes:

• Business Continuity Planning: Ensures that critical business functions remain operational during disruptions.
• Incident Response: A strategy to detect, respond to, and recover from cyber incidents.
• Disaster Recovery: Focuses on restoring systems and data after a breach or failure.
• Adaptation: Continuous improvement of security measures and recovery processes to stay ahead of advanced threats.

While cybersecurity aims to stop cyber threats in their tracks, cyber resilience focuses on the organization’s ability to recover and continue functioning despite a breach. A comprehensive security strategy requires both cybersecurity and cyber resilience.

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The Key Differences Between Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience

Although cybersecurity and cyber resilience are often discussed together, they address different aspects of an organization’s ability to handle cyber threats. Understanding these differences is crucial for businesses aiming to build comprehensive defense and recovery strategies.

Focus

• Cybersecurity is primarily focused on prevention. It’s about creating layers of defense to stop cybercriminals before they can exploit vulnerabilities in your system. From firewalls to encryption, the tools and practices in cybersecurity are all designed to keep threats at bay.
  
• Cyber Resilience, on the other hand, is about maintaining operations and recovering quickly after an attack has occurred. Cyber resilience assumes that no system is entirely secure, so it prepares the organization to absorb the damage, minimize disruption, and restore normal operations swiftly.

For example, while cybersecurity efforts may prevent a ransomware attack from encrypting your files, cyber resilience ensures that if those files are compromised, you can quickly restore them from backups and resume normal operations with minimal impact on your business.

Scope

• Cybersecurity involves technical measures, software, protocols, and tools designed to protect against unauthorized access. It’s often more technology-focused, dealing with firewalls, multi-factor authentication (MFA), and regular software updates.
  
• Cyber Resilience is more holistic, incorporating not only technical defenses but also business processes, communication strategies, and employee roles in recovery. For example, having a crisis communication plan that ensures both internal and external stakeholders are informed during a breach is part of cyber resilience, whereas cybersecurity may focus solely on the technical aspects, like preventing the breach.

An organization with strong cybersecurity may block most attacks but could still experience significant downtime if it lacks a solid cyber resilience plan. Without the proper recovery protocols, even the most secure systems can leave an organization vulnerable to prolonged service interruptions after an attack.

Time Frame

• Cybersecurity tends to focus on short-term goals, such as blocking incoming threats and reducing immediate risks.
• Cyber Resilience, however, is a long-term strategy. It’s about ensuring business continuity over time, even in the face of an ever-evolving threat landscape. It focuses not just on preventing breaches but also on managing their aftermath efficiently.

For example, a well-implemented cybersecurity strategy will detect and block phishing attempts, while a cyber resilience strategy will ensure that if an employee falls for a phishing email, the organization can quickly mitigate any potential damage and restore affected systems.

Goal

• The goal of cybersecurity is to create a strong defense that blocks unauthorized access to systems and sensitive data, ensuring that cyber threats are detected and neutralized before they can cause harm.
• The goal of cyber resilience is to ensure that if an attack occurs, the organization can recover quickly, minimize service disruption, and continue operating without significant financial or reputational damage.

While cybersecurity is the first line of defense against cyber threats, cyber resilience ensures that businesses can bounce back and minimize the fallout from an inevitable attack.

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Legal Context: Cybersecurity Act vs Cyber Resilience Act

The distinction between cybersecurity and cyber resilience isn’t just conceptual; it also plays out in the realm of legislation. Several regulatory frameworks aim to guide organizations in their approach to both protecting and recovering from cyber threats. 

Two key examples of such legislation are the Cybersecurity Act and the Cyber Resilience Act, both of which aim to safeguard organizations but with different focal points.

Cybersecurity Act

The EU Cybersecurity Act, implemented in 2019, was a significant step toward strengthening cybersecurity across the European Union. This act primarily focuses on preventing cyber threats by enforcing higher standards for cybersecurity practices, certifications, and governance. 

It mandates that organizations adopt certain cybersecurity measures, including risk management protocols, data protection strategies, and compliance with common standards across industries.

The Cybersecurity Act requires organizations to:

• Establish clear cybersecurity governance structures.
• Report significant security incidents promptly.
• Regularly evaluate and enhance their cybersecurity systems.

This approach is preventative and focuses on the tools and infrastructure needed to stop cyber threats from infiltrating an organization’s systems. It emphasizes creating a protective perimeter and mandates organizations to implement robust security measures to safeguard sensitive data.

Cyber Resilience Act

The Cyber Resilience Act, on the other hand, focuses more on an organization’s ability to respond to and recover from cyber incidents. While not yet as widely legislated as the Cybersecurity Act, there are growing calls to develop legal frameworks specifically aimed at cyber resilience. 

The focus here is less on the prevention of attacks and more on ensuring that if a breach does occur, organizations can continue their operations with minimal disruption.

The Cyber Resilience Act encourages:

• Incident Response: Organizations must have clear plans in place to recover quickly and restore normal business operations after an attack.
• Continuity of Service: Ensuring that essential functions, such as customer service and financial operations, can continue, even in the event of a cyberattack.
• Communication Protocols: Clear communication with stakeholders during a breach to minimize reputational damage and maintain trust.

The Cyber Resilience Act thus advocates a proactive approach in anticipating potential breaches and ensuring that organizations have the frameworks in place to mitigate damage, recover data, and return to business as usual.

Cybersecurity Act vs Cyber Resilience Act: Key Differences

• Cybersecurity Act: Primarily focused on preventive measures, ensuring that cybersecurity practices are up to standard to block attacks before they occur.
• Cyber Resilience Act: Emphasizes post-attack recovery, focusing on how to minimize damage and continue operations when cyber incidents inevitably happen.

Both acts serve essential functions in protecting businesses in the digital age, but they cater to different stages of the cyber risk management process. As cyberattacks evolve, there is increasing recognition that laws around cyber resilience will be just as crucial as cybersecurity laws in ensuring long-term business stability.

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Building a Cyber Resilience Strategy

Creating a cyber resilience strategy is essential for organizations that want to ensure business continuity during and after a cyberattack. While cybersecurity provides the first line of defense, cyber resilience prepares organizations to absorb and recover from an attack. Here are key steps in building a cyber resilience strategy:

1. Prepare for the Inevitable

A fundamental principle of cyber resilience is acknowledging that no system is completely invulnerable to cyber threats. Organizations must adopt a “when, not if” mentality when it comes to cyberattacks. Preparation involves developing clear, actionable plans to manage and respond to incidents. This includes:

• Risk Assessments: Understanding where vulnerabilities exist in your organization—whether in data storage, software applications, or employee behavior—is crucial. By identifying these weaknesses, organizations can make informed decisions about where to invest in security measures and how to address potential gaps.
• Cyber Resilience Frameworks: A well-structured framework is necessary for guiding the response to cyber threats. This may include elements from industry-recognized frameworks such as CIS Controls (Critical Security Controls) or guidelines from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These frameworks offer best practices that can help organizations prepare for and manage cyber incidents.

2. Absorb the Attack

The next stage of cyber resilience is to absorb the attack as effectively as possible. When a breach occurs, the goal is to contain the damage and minimize its impact on critical operations. Some ways to absorb an attack include:

• System Redundancy: Implementing backup systems and redundant infrastructures, such as air-gapped backups (offline backups that are not connected to the network), can help ensure that even if systems are compromised, the organization can restore its operations without major disruption.
• Employee Training: Staff education on recognizing threats like phishing emails and following security protocols can prevent attacks from causing widespread damage. Regular training helps employees act quickly to mitigate risks when issues arise.

3. Recover Quickly

Once an attack has been absorbed, the focus shifts to recovery. Rapid recovery minimizes downtime and restores business operations. Steps to ensure a smooth recovery include:

• Backup Systems and Data Restoration: Regular and immutable backups, backups that cannot be altered or deleted, ensure that critical data can be restored after an attack, like ransomware or a data breach. A quick recovery process reduces the risk of losing valuable business data.
• Incident Response Plan: An effective incident response plan details the actions necessary to recover from an attack, such as which team members to contact, how to communicate with stakeholders, and how to prioritize the restoration of services.

4. Adapt and Evolve

The final phase of cyber resilience involves adaptation, learning from past incidents and improving your defenses and recovery processes for future threats. This is a continuous cycle:

• Post-Incident Analysis: After an attack, conduct a thorough review to identify what went wrong and how similar incidents can be prevented in the future. For example, if a vulnerability in a system allowed a breach, patching that flaw and strengthening defenses is essential.
• Continuous Improvement: A culture of continuous improvement ensures that cyber resilience strategies evolve alongside new cyber threats. Updating software, training employees, and revisiting your incident response plans are critical to staying ahead of attackers.

Integrating Cyber Resilience with Cybersecurity

Building cyber resilience does not mean neglecting cybersecurity. Instead, a balanced approach that integrates both practices is essential. 

While cybersecurity defends against threats, cyber resilience ensures that organizations can recover if their defenses are breached. Regularly testing both strategies, through simulated attacks or penetration testing, can identify vulnerabilities in both defense and recovery processes.

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The Role of Cybersecurity Engineering in Cyber Resilience

While cybersecurity focuses on preventive measures, cybersecurity engineering plays a critical role in both strengthening these defenses and enabling cyber resilience. 

Cybersecurity engineering involves designing, building, and maintaining secure systems, networks, and applications that can withstand cyber threats. However, its role goes beyond just preventing attacks; it also supports the resilience aspect by ensuring that systems can recover quickly if attacked.

Cybersecurity Engineering: Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience

Cybersecurity engineering creates the technical foundation for an organization’s defense strategy. It involves the integration of security measures directly into the design and architecture of systems and applications. 

However, it also lays the groundwork for cyber resilience by ensuring that these systems are adaptable, robust, and capable of recovering quickly from cyber incidents.

Key aspects of cybersecurity engineering that support cyber resilience include:

• System Architecture: By designing systems with security in mind, engineers ensure that even if a breach occurs, the systems can contain the attack and limit its spread. This could include segmentation, where critical systems are isolated, or failover mechanisms that automatically reroute traffic if an attack takes down a server.
• Automated Security Protocols: Cybersecurity engineers implement automated response mechanisms, such as intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS), that can detect and respond to attacks in real-time. These systems are critical for minimizing the damage during a cyberattack and ensuring that the response is fast and effective.
• Disaster Recovery Integration: Engineering teams must ensure that backup systems and disaster recovery tools are built into the infrastructure from the beginning. These systems allow for rapid restoration of data and services after a cyberattack, aligning with cyber resilience goals of minimizing downtime and operational disruption.

Cybersecurity Engineering’s Role in Prevention

At its core, cybersecurity engineering is about stopping threats before they breach the system. Engineers design secure systems by:

• Secure Coding Practices: Ensuring software applications are written with security in mind, minimizing vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers.
• Encryption and Data Protection: Protecting sensitive data through encryption, both at rest and in transit, to prevent unauthorized access.
• Vulnerability Management: Regularly scanning and patching software to fix security vulnerabilities before they can be exploited.

These measures prevent attacks like malware, phishing, and SQL injections from taking root. But they also prepare the system to handle attacks in a way that supports cyber resilience.

Supporting Recovery with Cybersecurity Engineering

Cybersecurity engineers also play a crucial role in post-attack recovery. When an attack is successful, they help implement measures to ensure business continuity:

• System Redundancy: Building systems with redundant resources, such as backup servers and cloud storage, ensures that if one component is compromised, the organization can still operate.
  
• Incident Response Integration: Cybersecurity engineers are integral to crafting incident response plans. They design automated systems that alert response teams about security breaches, enabling quicker identification and mitigation of incidents.
  
• Immutable Backups: Cybersecurity engineers work to implement backup systems that are resistant to tampering, ensuring that data can be recovered even if the primary system is compromised.

By incorporating these engineering practices, organizations ensure that their infrastructure is not just secure but also resilient, capable of withstanding and recovering from cyberattacks.

Example: Cybersecurity Engineering in Action

Consider an organization with a well-engineered network security system that includes firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and regular patching. If a hacker manages to bypass these defenses, the incident response system kicks in, isolating the affected segment of the network to prevent the spread of malware. 

Simultaneously, the backup systems are automatically activated to restore data lost in the attack, ensuring minimal downtime and data loss. In this way, cybersecurity engineering supports both cybersecurity and cyber resilience, ensuring the organization can both prevent and recover from attacks.

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Practical Examples of Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience in Action

To understand the practical application of cybersecurity and cyber resilience, it’s helpful to explore real-world examples. These case studies illustrate how different organizations handle cyber threats and the importance of integrating both strategies into their operations.

Cybersecurity Example: A Strong Defense but Vulnerable to Attack

Consider a financial services company that has invested heavily in cybersecurity. This company has implemented strong firewalls, multi-factor authentication (MFA), encryption, and anti-virus software. Their employees undergo regular cybersecurity training to spot phishing emails, and their systems are frequently updated with the latest patches.

However, despite these robust defenses, the company experiences a ransomware attack. The attackers manage to bypass the firewall using a zero-day vulnerability, a flaw that was unknown at the time. As a result, the company’s entire network is encrypted, and they are unable to access critical data.

While the company’s cybersecurity measures were able to block many other attacks, this incident exposes a gap: the company did not have adequate cyber resilience measures in place. 

They lack a comprehensive disaster recovery plan, so the organization faces significant downtime, and the data is lost for several days. The company incurs financial losses due to the inability to process transactions, and its reputation takes a hit as clients lose trust in their ability to protect sensitive data.

This example underscores the importance of having a cyber resilience plan in place to handle the aftermath of a breach. Despite having strong cybersecurity, the organization wasn’t able to quickly recover or minimize the impact of the attack.

Cyber Resilience Example: A Balanced Approach

Now, let’s look at a technology company that takes a more balanced approach by integrating cyber resilience into its cybersecurity strategy. This company has a robust cybersecurity infrastructure, including firewalls, encryption, and endpoint security. They also implement strict access controls and ensure that their employees are well-trained to detect phishing attempts.

However, the company recognizes that no defense is perfect and adopts a cyber resilience framework. In the event of a breach, the company has a disaster recovery plan in place, with immutable backups that are stored offline to protect against ransomware attacks. 

Their incident response plan is well-defined, with designated response teams ready to mitigate damage and restore services quickly.

When the company experiences a DDoS attack that overwhelms their servers, they are able to continue operating through system redundancies, their secondary servers are immediately activated, ensuring there is no disruption in service. 

Additionally, the company communicates swiftly with customers about the issue and reassures them that the situation is being handled. Thanks to their preparation, the impact of the attack is minimized, and they resume normal operations in hours rather than days.

This example demonstrates how cyber resilience can complement cybersecurity measures to ensure that an organization can continue functioning, even when its defenses are breached. The company’s cyber resilience framework allowed them to absorb the attack’s impact and recover quickly, thereby protecting both their operations and their reputation.

The British Airways Case: A Blend of Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience

British Airways’ 2018 data breach is another example of how both cybersecurity and cyber resilience intersect. The breach resulted in the exposure of sensitive customer information, including payment details, due to weaknesses in their cybersecurity systems. 

The company faced a fine of £183 million under the GDPR, marking one of the largest penalties ever imposed by the UK’s Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO).

From a cybersecurity standpoint, the company had several preventive measures in place, including encryption and secure payment processing systems. However, attackers were able to exploit vulnerabilities in their web application, which had not been adequately patched or secured.

What the case highlights is the need for a more comprehensive approach that not only prevents breaches but also ensures a company can manage and recover from such incidents. 

In this case, the company could have reduced the impact of the breach with a more robust cyber resilience strategy, including better incident response mechanisms, more frequent vulnerability testing, and improved data recovery procedures.

By having a well-integrated cyber resilience framework, British Airways might have been able to detect the attack sooner, minimize the damage, and maintain customer trust, despite the breach.

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Aligning Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience with CIS Controls

The CIS Controls (Critical Security Controls) are a set of best practices developed by the Center for Internet Security (CIS) to help organizations improve their cybersecurity posture. These controls provide a comprehensive framework for protecting systems and data and can play a key role in enhancing both cybersecurity and cyber resilience.

While cybersecurity primarily focuses on defending against attacks, the CIS Controls also incorporate elements that support cyber resilience by ensuring an organization can recover and continue functioning after an attack. Let’s explore how these controls can help integrate both cybersecurity and cyber resilience strategies.

CIS Controls for Cybersecurity

The CIS Controls offer detailed guidance on how to implement preventive security measures. Many of these controls directly contribute to enhancing cybersecurity, including:

1. Inventory of Authorized and Unauthorized Devices: This control helps ensure that all devices connected to the network are properly secured, preventing unauthorized access and the exploitation of weak points.
2. Secure Configuration of Hardware and Software: By ensuring systems are securely configured, this control reduces the risk of vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers.
3. Continuous Vulnerability Management: Regularly scanning and patching software vulnerabilities helps organizations stay ahead of potential threats, which is essential for a strong cybersecurity defense.
4. Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: Limiting access to critical systems prevents unauthorized actors from gaining high-level control over systems, reducing the risk of data breaches and other attacks.

These CIS Controls work to block or minimize threats before they cause significant damage, which aligns with the core goals of cybersecurity.

CIS Controls for Cyber Resilience

Although the CIS Controls are primarily geared towards prevention, several controls are also geared toward enhancing cyber resilience. These controls help organizations manage and recover from cyber incidents quickly, minimizing disruption and damage:

1. Data Recovery Capabilities: This control emphasizes the importance of maintaining regular, immutable backups of critical data and ensuring that these backups are disconnected from the main network to prevent ransomware attacks from compromising them.
   • Cyber Resilience Link: Ensuring quick data recovery supports the organization’s ability to restore operations after a cyberattack and minimize downtime.
2. Security Awareness and Skills Training: While this control focuses on educating employees to prevent security breaches, it also contributes to cyber resilience. By training employees on how to respond to cyber incidents, businesses can reduce the time it takes to detect and mitigate threats, improving overall recovery time.
   • Cyber Resilience Link: A well-trained workforce is essential for quickly identifying and responding to security incidents, which helps organizations recover faster and more effectively.
3. Incident Response Management: This control emphasizes the need for organizations to have a structured incident response plan in place. A well-designed plan ensures that roles are clear, procedures are followed, and communication is effective during and after a breach.
   • Cyber Resilience Link: A solid incident response plan ensures that even when an attack occurs, the organization can respond quickly, minimizing damage and restoring business operations swiftly.
4. Penetration Testing and Red Team Exercises: Regular penetration testing helps identify weaknesses in security before attackers can exploit them. These exercises also help organizations simulate real-world attacks, ensuring they are prepared for any eventuality.
   • Cyber Resilience Link: By simulating attacks, organizations can ensure their recovery mechanisms are effective and that they can maintain operations during a crisis.

How to Integrate Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience with CIS Controls

To build a robust security strategy, organizations should integrate CIS Controls into both their cybersecurity and cyber resilience efforts. A comprehensive approach would involve:

• Using the CIS Controls for cybersecurity to implement strong preventive measures (firewalls, multi-factor authentication, patch management).
• Implementing the CIS Controls related to recovery and resilience (data backups, incident response, employee training).
• Testing both cybersecurity measures and resilience plans regularly through simulated incidents and penetration testing.

By aligning these controls with the broader cybersecurity and cyber resilience goals, organizations can not only prevent cyber threats but also ensure they are prepared to recover quickly and minimize disruptions when attacks do occur.

Conclusion

Where cyber threats are increasingly sophisticated and frequent, organizations must recognize the critical need for both cybersecurity and cyber resilience. 

While cybersecurity focuses on preventing attacks through a robust set of defenses, cyber resilience ensures that when an attack does succeed, the organization can minimize the damage, continue operations, and recover swiftly.

As we’ve seen through examples like British Airways’ data breach and the financial services company hit by ransomware, cybersecurity alone is not enough. Organizations must prepare for the inevitable by adopting a cyber resilience framework that includes not only proactive defenses but also recovery strategies, incident response plans, and continuous improvement.

Moreover, CIS Controls play a pivotal role in aligning cybersecurity and cyber resilience. These controls help ensure that an organization is not only protected against cyber threats but also capable of bouncing back when things go wrong. 

By integrating both aspects into a comprehensive security strategy, organizations can safeguard their data, protect their reputation, and ensure business continuity even in the face of inevitable cyber challenges.

Cybersecurity and cyber resilience are not mutually exclusive, they must work together to form a comprehensive approach to digital security. By investing in both, organizations can ensure they are well-prepared for today’s threats and resilient enough to recover tomorrow.

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